CNNIC 的创新服务 – 公共云解析(SDNS)

关于公共云解析(SDNS)

  公共云解析是中国互联网络信息中心(CNNIC)推出的免费公共解析服务(Secure DNS,简称SDNS)。旨在为用户提供更加安全、智能、高速的上网接入解析服务。公共云解析SDNS的免费DNS服务地址为1.2.4.8和210.2.4.8。SDNS官网:www.sdns.cn

   公共云解析SDNS正式上线:
链接至:http://cnnic.cn/CNNIC_ZH/gywm/xwzx/rdxw/2012nrd/201207/t20120709_30828.htm

ISO 3166-1 国家代码表

  • Standards
  • ISO 3166 – Country codes
  • ISO 3166-1 decoding table

ISO 3166-1 decoding table

Last updated:  2012-08-02

 

This decoding table provides the user of ISO 3166-1 with an easy access to the definition  of all 676 code elements available in the alpha-2 code of ISO’s country code standard.

The  content of this document is taken from two sources: The official code list of ISO 3166-1 and the list  of reserved ISO 3166-1 code elements which contains information on code allocations which are not officially  part of ISO 3166-1 (see “Reserved code elements”). The reserved code elements  have different statuses with regard to restrictions on use within ISO’s country code system. Some may  be used – others must not be used.

These statuses – and their approximate meanings  for the user of ISO 3166-1 – are described and colour-coded in Table 1. Tables 2 gives a colour coded,  clickable matrix of all ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code elements which is linked to Table 3 which gives the  definition of the code element.

For more detailed information please refer  to the section on “Reserved code elements” on our Website.

Contact the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency

The  ISO 3166/MA  should be contacted through its secretariat. Please use the following address:

ISO  3166 Maintenance Agency c/o International Organization for Standardization Case  postale 56 CH-1211 Genève 20

Telephone: +41 22 749 02 22 Telefax:  +41 22 749 01 55 E-mail: mbinfo@iso.org Web: www.iso.org/iso/country_codes

 

Color
Status of code element What it means
Officially assigned code element Code element may be used without restriction
User-assigned code element Code element may be used without restriction
Exceptionally reserved code element Code element may be used but restrictions may apply
Transitionally reserved code element Code element deleted from ISO 3166-1; stop using ASAP
Indeterminately reserved code element Code element must not be used in ISO 3166-1
Code elements not used at present stage [A] Code element must not be used in ISO 3166-1
Un-assigned code elements Code element free for assignment (by ISO 3166/MA only!)
AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO AP AQ AR AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ
BA BB BC BD BE BF BG BH BI BJ BK BL BM BN BO BP BQ BR BS BT BU BV BW BX BY BZ
CA CB CC CE CD CF CG CH CI CJ CK CL CM CN CO CP CQ CR CS CT CU CV CW CX CY CZ
DA DB DC DD DE DF DG DH DI DJ DK DL DM DN DO DP DQ DR DS DT DU DV DW DX DY DZ
EA EB EC ED EE EF EG EH EI EJ EK EL EM EN EO EP EQ ER ES ET EU EV EW EX EY EZ
FA FB FC FD FE FF FG FH FI FJ FK FL FM FN FO FP FQ FR FS FT FU FV FW FX FY FZ
GA GB GC GD GE GF GG GH GI GJ GK GL GM GN GO GP GQ GR GS GT GU GV GW GX GY GZ
HA HB HC HD HE HF HG HH HI HJ HK HL HM HN HO HP HQ HR HS HT HU HV HW HX HY HZ
IA IB IC ID IE IF IG IH II IJ IK IL IM IN IO IP IQ IR IS IT IU IV IW IX IY IZ
JA JB JC JD JE JF JG JH JI JJ JK JL JM JN JO JP JQ JR JS JT JU JV JW JX JY JZ
KA KB KC KD KE KF KG KH KI KJ KK KL KM KN KO KP KQ KR KS KT KU KV KW KX KY KZ
LA LB LC LD LE LF LG LH LI LJ LK LL LM LN LO LP LQ LR LS LT LU LV LW LX LY LZ
MA MB MC MD ME MF MG MH MI MJ MK ML MM MN MO MP MQ MR MS MT MU MV MW MX MY MZ
NA NB NC ND NE NF NG NH NI NJ NK NL NM NN NO NP NQ NR NS NT NU NV NW NX NY NZ
OA OB OC OD OE OF OG OH OI OJ OK OL OM ON OO OP OQ OR OS OT OU OV OW OX OY OZ
PA PB PC PD PE PF PG PH PI PJ PK PL PM PN PO PP PQ PR PS PT PU PV PW PX PY PZ
QA QB QC QD QE QF QG QH QI QJ QK QL QM QN QO QP QQ QR QS QT QU QV QW QX QY QZ
RA RB RC RD RE RF RG RH RI RJ RK RL RM RN RO RP RQ RR RS RT RU RV RW RX RY RZ
SA SB SC SD SE SF SG SH SI SJ SK SL SM SN SO SP SQ SR SS ST SU SV SW SX SY SZ
TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ TK TL TM TN TO TP TQ TR TS TT TU TV TW TX TY TZ
UA UB UC UD UE UF UG UH UI UJ UK UL UM UN UO UP UQ UR US UT UU UV UW UX UY UZ
VA VB VC VD VE VF VG VH VI VJ VK VL VM VN VO VP VQ VR VS VT VU VV VW VX VY VZ
WA WB WC WD WE WF WG WH WI WJ WK WL WM WN WO WP WQ WR WS WT WU WV WW WX WY WZ
XA XB XC XD XE XF XG XH XI XJ XK XL XM XN XO XP XQ XR XS XT XU XV XW XX XY XZ
YA YB YC YD YE YF YG YH YI YJ YK YL YM YN YO YP YQ YR YS YT YU YV YW YX YY YZ
ZA ZB ZC ZD ZE ZF ZG ZH ZI ZJ ZK ZL ZM ZN ZO ZP ZQ ZR ZS ZT ZU ZV ZW ZX ZY ZZ
Code Name Remark Status
AA user-assigned
AC Ascension Island [B] Requested by Universal Postal Union (UPU) exceptionally reserved
AD ANDORRA officially assigned
AE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES officially assigned
AF AFGHANISTAN officially assigned
AG ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA officially assigned
AI ANGUILLA officially assigned
AL ALBANIA officially assigned
AM ARMENIA officially assigned
AN Netherlands Antilles 2011-12 to 2061-12 transitionally reserved
AO ANGOLA officially assigned
AP African Regional Industrial Property Organization [A] Requested by World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) for use in Standard ST.3 indeterminately reserved
AQ ANTARCTICA officially assigned
AR ARGENTINA officially assigned
AS AMERICAN SAMOA officially assigned
AT AUSTRIA officially assigned
AU AUSTRALIA officially assigned
AW ARUBA officially assigned
AX ÅLAND ISLANDS officially assigned
AZ AZERBAIJAN officially assigned
BA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA officially assigned
BB BARBADOS officially assigned
BD BANGLADESH officially assigned
BE BELGIUM officially assigned
BF BURKINA FASO officially assigned
BG BULGARIA officially assigned
BH BAHRAIN officially assigned
BI BURUNDI officially assigned
BJ BENIN officially assigned
BL SAINT BARTHÉLEMY officially assigned
BM BERMUDA officially assigned
BN BRUNEI DARUSSALAM officially assigned
BO BOLIVIA, PLURINATIONAL STATE OF officially assigned
BQ BONAIRE, SINT EUSTATIUS AND SABA officially assigned
BR BRAZIL officially assigned
BS BAHAMAS officially assigned
BT BHUTAN officially assigned
BU Burma 1989-12 to 2039-12 transitionally reserved
BV BOUVET ISLAND officially assigned
BW BOTSWANA officially assigned
BX Benelux Trademarks and Designs Office [A] Requested by World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) for use in Standard ST.3 indeterminately reserved
BY BELARUS officially assigned
BZ BELIZE officially assigned
CA CANADA officially assigned
CC COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS officially assigned
CD CONGO, THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE officially assigned
CF CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC officially assigned
CG CONGO officially assigned
CH SWITZERLAND officially assigned
CI CÔTE D’IVOIRE officially assigned
CK COOK ISLANDS officially assigned
CL CHILE officially assigned
CM CAMEROON officially assigned
CN CHINA officially assigned
CO COLOMBIA officially assigned
CP Clipperton Island [C] Requested by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) exceptionally reserved
CR COSTA RICA officially assigned
CS SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO 2006-09 to 2056-09 transitionally reserved
CU CUBA officially assigned
CV CAPE VERDE officially assigned
CW CURAÇAO officially assigned
CX CHRISTMAS ISLAND officially assigned
CY CYPRUS officially assigned
CZ CZECH REPUBLIC officially assigned
DE GERMANY officially assigned
DG Diego Garcia [C] Requested by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) exceptionally reserved
DJ DJIBOUTI officially assigned
DK DENMARK officially assigned
DM DOMINICA officially assigned
DO DOMINICAN REPUBLIC officially assigned
DY Benin [D] Requested by Secretary-General of UN for Road Traffic Conventions R49 and R68 indeterminately reserved
DZ ALGERIA officially assigned
EA Ceuta, Melilla [E] Requested by World Customs Organization (WCO) exceptionally reserved
EC ECUADOR officially assigned
EE ESTONIA officially assigned
EF Union of Countries under the European Community Patent Convention [A] Requested by World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) for use in Standard ST.3 indeterminately reserved
EG EGYPT officially assigned
EH WESTERN SAHARA officially assigned
EM European Trademark Office [A] Requested by World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) for use in Standard ST.3 indeterminately reserved
EP European Patent Organization [A] Requested by World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) for use in Standard ST.3 indeterminately reserved
ER ERITREA officially assigned
ES SPAIN officially assigned
ET ETHIOPIA officially assigned
EU European Union Requested by ISO 4217/MA (March 1998) for ISO 6166 “Securities – International securities identification numbering system (ISIN)”. In August 1999, extension of scope to any application needing to represent the name European Union. exceptionally reserved
EV Eurasian Patent Organization [A] Requested by World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) for use in Standard ST.3 indeterminately reserved
EW Estonia [D] indeterminately reserved
FI FINLAND officially assigned
FJ FIJI officially assigned
FK FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS) officially assigned
FL Liechtenstein [D] indeterminately reserved
FM MICRONESIA, FEDERATED STATES OF officially assigned
FO FAROE ISLANDS officially assigned
FR FRANCE officially assigned
FX France, Metropolitan Requested by France exceptionally reserved
GA GABON officially assigned
GB UNITED KINGDOM officially assigned
GC Patent Office of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) [A] Requested by World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) for use in Standard ST.3 indeterminately reserved
GD GRENADA officially assigned
GE GEORGIA officially assigned
GF FRENCH GUIANA officially assigned
GG GUERNSEY officially assigned
GH GHANA officially assigned
GI GIBRALTAR officially assigned
GL GREENLAND officially assigned
GM GAMBIA officially assigned
GN GUINEA officially assigned
GP GUADELOUPE officially assigned
GQ EQUATORIAL GUINEA officially assigned
GR GREECE officially assigned
GS SOUTH GEORGIA AND THE SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS officially assigned
GT GUATEMALA officially assigned
GU GUAM officially assigned
GW GUINEA-BISSAU officially assigned
GY GUYANA officially assigned
HK HONG KONG officially assigned
HM HEARD ISLAND AND MCDONALD ISLANDS officially assigned
HN HONDURAS officially assigned
HR CROATIA officially assigned
HT HAITI officially assigned
HU HUNGARY officially assigned
IB International Bureau of WIPO [A] Requested by World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) for use in Standard ST.3 indeterminately reserved
IC Canary Islands [E] Requested by World Customs Organization (WCO) exceptionally reserved
ID INDONESIA officially assigned
IE IRELAND officially assigned
IL ISRAEL officially assigned
IM ISLE OF MAN officially assigned
IN INDIA officially assigned
IO BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY officially assigned
IQ IRAQ officially assigned
IR IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF officially assigned
IS ICELAND officially assigned
IT ITALY officially assigned
JA Jamaica [F] Requested by Secretary-General of UN for Road Traffic Conventions indeterminately reserved
JE JERSEY officially assigned
JM JAMAICA officially assigned
JO JORDAN officially assigned
JP JAPAN officially assigned
KE KENYA officially assigned
KG KYRGYZSTAN officially assigned
KH CAMBODIA officially assigned
KI KIRIBATI officially assigned
KM COMOROS officially assigned
KN SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS officially assigned
KP KOREA, DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF officially assigned
KR KOREA, REPUBLIC OF officially assigned
KW KUWAIT officially assigned
KY CAYMAN ISLANDS officially assigned
KZ KAZAKHSTAN officially assigned
LA LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC officially assigned
LB LEBANON officially assigned
LC SAINT LUCIA officially assigned
LF Libya Fezzan [D] indeterminately reserved
LI LIECHTENSTEIN officially assigned
LK SRI LANKA officially assigned
LR LIBERIA officially assigned
LS LESOTHO officially assigned
LT LITHUANIA officially assigned
LU LUXEMBOURG officially assigned
LV LATVIA officially assigned
LY LIBYA officially assigned
MA MOROCCO officially assigned
MC MONACO officially assigned
MD MOLDOVA, REPUBLIC OF officially assigned
ME MONTENEGRO officially assigned
MF SAINT MARTIN (FRENCH PART) officially assigned
MG MADAGASCAR officially assigned
MH MARSHALL ISLANDS officially assigned
MK MACEDONIA, THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF officially assigned
ML MALI officially assigned
MM MYANMAR officially assigned
MN MONGOLIA officially assigned
MO MACAO officially assigned
MP NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS officially assigned
MQ MARTINIQUE officially assigned
MR MAURITANIA officially assigned
MS MONTSERRAT officially assigned
MT MALTA officially assigned
MU MAURITIUS officially assigned
MV MALDIVES officially assigned
MW MALAWI officially assigned
MX MEXICO officially assigned
MY MALAYSIA officially assigned
MZ MOZAMBIQUE officially assigned
NA NAMIBIA officially assigned
NC NEW CALEDONIA officially assigned
NE NIGER officially assigned
NF NORFOLK ISLAND officially assigned
NG NIGERIA officially assigned
NI NICARAGUA officially assigned
NL NETHERLANDS Includes: the islands Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba officially assigned
NO NORWAY officially assigned
NP NEPAL officially assigned
NR NAURU officially assigned
NT Neutral Zone 1993-07 to 2043-07 transitionally reserved
NU NIUE officially assigned
NZ NEW ZEALAND officially assigned
OA African Intellectual Property Organization [A] Requested by World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) for use in Standard ST.3 indeterminately reserved
OM OMAN officially assigned
PA PANAMA officially assigned
PE PERU officially assigned
PF FRENCH POLYNESIA officially assigned
PG PAPUA NEW GUINEA officially assigned
PH PHILIPPINES officially assigned
PI Philippines [F] indeterminately reserved
PK PAKISTAN officially assigned
PL POLAND officially assigned
PM SAINT PIERRE AND MIQUELON officially assigned
PN PITCAIRN officially assigned
PR PUERTO RICO officially assigned
PS PALESTINIAN TERRITORY, OCCUPIED officially assigned
PT PORTUGAL officially assigned
PW PALAU officially assigned
PY PARAGUAY officially assigned
QA QATAR officially assigned
QM user-assigned
QN user-assigned
QO user-assigned
QP user-assigned
QQ user-assigned
QR user-assigned
QS user-assigned
QT user-assigned
QU user-assigned
QV user-assigned
QW user-assigned
QX user-assigned
QY user-assigned
QZ user-assigned
RA Argentina [F] indeterminately reserved
RB Bolivia [cf. Botswana: identical code element] [D] indeterminately reserved
RC China [F] indeterminately reserved
RE RÉUNION officially assigned
RH Haiti [D] indeterminately reserved
RI Indonesia [F] indeterminately reserved
RL Lebanon [F] indeterminately reserved
RM Madagascar [F] indeterminately reserved
RN Niger [G] indeterminately reserved
RO ROMANIA officially assigned
RP Philippines [G] indeterminately reserved
RS SERBIA officially assigned
RU RUSSIAN FEDERATION officially assigned
RW RWANDA officially assigned
SA SAUDI ARABIA officially assigned
SB SOLOMON ISLANDS officially assigned
SC SEYCHELLES officially assigned
SD SUDAN officially assigned
SE SWEDEN officially assigned
SF Finland [D] indeterminately reserved
SG SINGAPORE officially assigned
SH SAINT HELENA, ASCENSION AND TRISTAN DA CUNHA officially assigned
SI SLOVENIA officially assigned
SJ SVALBARD AND JAN MAYEN officially assigned
SK SLOVAKIA officially assigned
SL SIERRA LEONE officially assigned
SM SAN MARINO officially assigned
SN SENEGAL officially assigned
SO SOMALIA officially assigned
SR SURINAME officially assigned
SS SOUTH SUDAN officially assigned
ST SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE officially assigned
SU USSR Requested by Foundation of Internet Development (FID) exceptionally reserved
SV EL SALVADOR officially assigned
SX SINT MAARTEN (DUTCH PART) The island of Saint Martin is divided into the French northern part and the Dutch southern part officially assigned
SY SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC officially assigned
SZ SWAZILAND officially assigned
TA Tristan da Cunha [B] Requested by Universal Postal Union (UPU) exceptionally reserved
TC TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS officially assigned
TD CHAD officially assigned
TF FRENCH SOUTHERN TERRITORIES officially assigned
TG TOGO officially assigned
TH THAILAND officially assigned
TJ TAJIKISTAN officially assigned
TK TOKELAU officially assigned
TL TIMOR-LESTE officially assigned
TM TURKMENISTAN officially assigned
TN TUNISIA officially assigned
TO TONGA officially assigned
TP East Timor 2002-05 to 2052-05 transitionally reserved
TR TURKEY officially assigned
TT TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO officially assigned
TV TUVALU officially assigned
TW TAIWAN, PROVINCE OF CHINA officially assigned
TZ TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF officially assigned
UA UKRAINE officially assigned
UG UGANDA officially assigned
UK United Kingdom Requested by United Kingdom exceptionally reserved
UM UNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDS officially assigned
US UNITED STATES officially assigned
UY URUGUAY officially assigned
UZ UZBEKISTAN officially assigned
VA HOLY SEE (VATICAN CITY STATE) officially assigned
VC SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES officially assigned
VE VENEZUELA, BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC officially assigned
VG VIRGIN ISLANDS, BRITISH officially assigned
VI VIRGIN ISLANDS, U.S. officially assigned
VN VIET NAM officially assigned
VU VANUATU officially assigned
WF WALLIS AND FUTUNA officially assigned
WG Grenada [D] indeterminately reserved
WL Saint Lucia [D] indeterminately reserved
WO World Intellectual Property Organization [A] Requested by World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) for use in Standard ST.3 indeterminately reserved
WS SAMOA officially assigned
WV Saint Vincent [D] indeterminately reserved
XA user-assigned
XB user-assigned
XC user-assigned
XD user-assigned
XE user-assigned
XF user-assigned
XG user-assigned
XH user-assigned
XI user-assigned
XJ user-assigned
XK user-assigned
XL user-assigned
XM user-assigned
XN user-assigned
XO user-assigned
XP user-assigned
XQ user-assigned
XR user-assigned
XS user-assigned
XT user-assigned
XU user-assigned
XV user-assigned
XW user-assigned
XX user-assigned
XY user-assigned
XZ user-assigned
YE YEMEN officially assigned
YT MAYOTTE officially assigned
YU Yugoslavia 2003-07 to 2053-07 transitionally reserved
YV Venezuela [D] indeterminately reserved
ZA SOUTH AFRICA officially assigned
ZM ZAMBIA officially assigned
ZR Zaire 1997-07 to 2047-07 transitionally reserved
ZW ZIMBABWE officially assigned
ZZ user-assigned

Notes:

 

[A]  The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) uses ten alpha-2 code elements for particular purposes  in its Standard ST.3 which are not assigned in ISO 3166-1. The ISO 3166/MA will not use these alpha-2  code elements for assignment in ISO 3166 at the present stage.

[B]  Official country names are given in CAPITAL LETTERS. Other names are given in normal orthography i.e  including lower case letters.

[C]  The list of ISO 3166-1 reserved code elements is only available in English, hence the lack of French  names for entries which are not officially included in ISO 3166-1.

[D] Here the following pieces of information can  be given:

  • Acronym of organization or name of country  on whose behalf a reservation was made
  • Date of reservation (for transitional reservations)
  • Abbreviation of source document for reserved code element
  • Explanatory text

根域名服务器 Root Servers

root-servers

Internet Domain Name System Root Servers

全球13个根域名服务器以英文字母A到M依序命名,网域名称格式为“字母.root-servers.net”。其中7个并不只有单一个服务器,是以任播(anycast)技术在全球多个地点设立镜像站。

字母 IPv4地址 IPv6地址 自治系统编号(AS-number)[1] 旧名称 运作单位 设置地点 #数量(全球性/地区性)[2] 软件
A 198.41.0.4 2001:503:ba3e::2:30 AS19836 ns.internic.net VeriSign 以任播技术分散设置于多处 6/0 BIND
B 192.228.79.201 (2004年1月起生效,旧IP地址为128.9.0.107)[3] 2001:478:65::53 (not in root zone yet) none ns1.isi.edu 南加州大学信息科学研究所 (Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California)  美国加州马里纳戴尔雷伊 (Marina del Rey) 0/1 BIND
C 192.33.4.12 AS2149 c.psi.net Cogent Communications 以任播技术分散设置于多处 6/0 BIND
D 128.8.10.90 AS27 terp.umd.edu 马里兰大学学院市分校 (University of Maryland, College Park)  美国马里兰州大学公园市 (College Park) 1/0 BIND
E 192.203.230.10 AS297 ns.nasa.gov NASA  美国加州山景城 (Mountain View) 1/0 BIND
F 192.5.5.241 2001:500:2f::f AS3557 ns.isc.org 互联网系统协会 (Internet Systems Consortium) 以任播技术分散设置于多处 2/47 BIND 9[4]
G 192.112.36.4 AS5927 ns.nic.ddn.mil 美国国防部国防信息系统局 (Defense Information Systems Agency) 以任播技术分散设置于多处 6/0 BIND
H 128.63.2.53 2001:500:1::803f:235 AS13 aos.arl.army.mil 美国国防部陆军研究所 (U.S. Army Research Lab)  美国马里兰州阿伯丁(Aberdeen) 1/0 NSD
I 192.36.148.17 2001:7fe::53 AS29216 nic.nordu.net 瑞典奥托诺米嘉公司(Autonomica) 以任播技术分散设置于多处 36 BIND
J 192.58.128.30 (2002年11月起生效,旧IP地址为198.41.0.10) 2001:503:c27::2:30 AS26415 VeriSign 以任播技术分散设置于多处 63/7 BIND
K 193.0.14.129 2001:7fd::1 AS25152 荷兰RIPE NCC 以任播技术分散设置于多处 5/13 NSD[5]
L 199.7.83.42 (2007年11月起生效,旧IP地址为198.32.64.12)[6] 2001:500:3::42 AS20144 ICANN 以任播技术分散设置于多处 37/1 NSD[7]
M 202.12.27.33 2001:dc3::35 AS7500 日本WIDE Project 以任播技术分散设置于多处 5/1 BIND

参见

Hostname IP Addresses Manager
a.root-servers.net 198.41.0.4, 2001:503:ba3e::2:30 VeriSign, Inc.
b.root-servers.net 192.228.79.201 University of Southern California (ISI)
c.root-servers.net 192.33.4.12 Cogent Communications
d.root-servers.net 199.7.91.13, 2001:500:2d::d University of Maryland
e.root-servers.net 192.203.230.10 NASA (Ames Research Center)
f.root-servers.net 192.5.5.241, 2001:500:2f::f Internet Systems Consortium, Inc.
g.root-servers.net 192.112.36.4 US Department of Defence (NIC)
h.root-servers.net 128.63.2.53, 2001:500:1::803f:235 US Army (Research Lab)
i.root-servers.net 192.36.148.17, 2001:7fe::53 Netnod
j.root-servers.net 192.58.128.30, 2001:503:c27::2:30 VeriSign, Inc.
k.root-servers.net 193.0.14.129, 2001:7fd::1 RIPE NCC
l.root-servers.net 199.7.83.42, 2001:500:3::42 ICANN
m.root-servers.net 202.12.27.33, 2001:dc3::35 WIDE Project

伯特兰·罗素的哲学语录

罗素的伦理

美好人生中,爱和知识是必须的。在某种程度上爱更为重要。爱将激励我们去寻求知识,从而更清楚地知道如何使我们所爱的人获益。   如果没有知识,我们可能相信道听途说,好心做了坏事。   最完美的爱是欢喜和美好愿望不可分割的统一。没有美好愿望的欢喜可能是残酷的和自私的;而没有欢喜的美好愿望又可能会是冷漠和高傲。   爱能使人的欲望变得协调,而非冲突。两个相爱的人可以成败与共,而相恨的人,一方的失败则是另一方的成功。

欲望

蟒蛇嘱饱之后就会开始睡眠,除非到了需要另外一餐之后,决不会醒来。而人则不一样。人吃饱之后,绝不会就由此满足,反而更为欲望丛生,生机勃勃。   人的欲望有四大种:贪婪、竞争、虚荣、权力。   贪婪是一种巨大的动机,希望有尽可能多的财富或财富的控制权。无论你拥有多少,你总是希望得到更多,永远不会满足。   如果说贪婪是渴求比原有的多得多,而竞争则是比别人的多得多。如果竞争比贪婪更为强烈,得不到有效的控制与管理,那么这个世界将成为最不幸的地方。   虚荣是一种有巨大潜力的动机,它是人们内心深处一种最重要的欲望,它的表现形式多样。虚荣带来的重要问题之一就是自我不断地膨胀。   权力欲近似于虚荣,但有所不同。满足虚荣心的是荣誉。拥有荣誉却不拥有权力较之拥有权力而不拥 有荣誉是件容易的事。拥有权力的人可以管制仅有荣誉的人,而仅有荣誉的人却不能管制有权力的人。所以对于有野心的人,权力欲更为强烈。在权力欲的驱使下, 人更热衷于施加痛苦而不是使人快乐。拥有权力的人在对别人说“不“的过程中比同意会得到更大的满足。正因如此,权力欲成为一种危险的动机。

金钱崇拜

金钱崇拜指的是一种信仰,即认为一切价值都要用金钱来衡量,金钱是人成功与否的惟一尺度。   这种错误的成功理念引导人们残害了自己的本性,降低了人生的快乐,增加了紧张的感受,使整个社会变得消极、厌倦、缺乏幻想。使人心中一切伟大愿望陷于沉寂。   由于惧怕失去金钱,从而使人有了更多的忧虑和烦恼,使人把获得幸福的能力消耗殆尽。

罗素——自由思想十诫

1.凡事不要抱绝对肯定的态度;

2.不要试图隐瞒证据,因为证据最终会被暴露;

3.不要害怕思考,因为思考总能让人有所补益;

4.有人与你意见相左时,即使这些意见来自你的丈夫或孩子,也应该用争论去说服他们,而不是用权威去征服,因为靠权威取得的胜利是虚幻而自欺欺人的;

5.不用盲目地崇拜任何权威,因为你总能找到相反的权威;

6.不要用权力去压制你认为有害的意见,因为如果你采取压制,其实 只说明你自己受到了这些意见的压制;

7.不要为自己持独特看法而感到害怕,因为我们现在所接受的常识都 曾是独特看法;

8.与其被动地同意别人的看法,不如理智地表示反对,因为如果你信自己的智慧,那么你的异议正表明了更多的赞同;

9.即使真相并不令人愉快,也一定要做到诚实,因为掩盖真相往往要费更大力气;

10.不要嫉妒那些在蠢人的天堂里享受幸福的人,因为只有蠢人才以为那是幸福。

罗素的名言语录

生活中不是没有美,而是缺少发现美的眼睛。

Do not fear to be eccentric in opinion, for every opinion now accepted was once eccentric.
不要害怕怀有怪念头,因为现在人们接受的所有的观念都曾经是怪念头。

Democracy is the process by which people choose the man who’ll get the blame.
民主,就是挑选那个受批评的人的过程。

Drunkenness is temporary suicide.
喝醉是暂时性的自杀。

I say quite deliberately that the Christian religion, as organized in its Churches, has been and still is the principal enemy of moral progress in the world.
我明确的说,由教会所组织的基督教是道德进步的最大敌人,过去如此,现在依然如此。

A process which led from the amoeba to man appeared to the philosophers to be obviously a progress though whether the amoeba would agree with this opinion is not known.
从阿米巴变形虫到人类的这一过程对哲学家来说,很明显是个进步。但是变形虫怎么想我们就不知道了。

I would never die for my beliefs because I might be wrong.
我永远不会为信仰而死,因为我的信仰可能是错的。

In America everybody is of the opinion that he has no social superiors, since all men are equal, but he does not admit that he has no social inferiors.
在美国,所有人都认为没有什么人比他的社会地位高,因为人人生而平等。但是,他可不承认没有人比他社会地位低。

It has been said that man is a rational animal. All my life I have been searching for evidence which could support this.
据说人是一种理性动物。穷我自己一生,我都在寻找这观点的证据。

Man is a credulous animal, and must believe something; in the absence of good grounds for belief, he will be satisfied with bad ones.
人是轻信的动物,必须得相信点什么。如果这种信仰没有什么好的依据,糟糕的依据也能对付。

Many a man will have the courage to die gallantly, but will not have the courage to say, or even to think, that the cause for which he is asked to die is an unworthy one.
很多人可以勇敢的死去,但是却没有勇气说他为之而死的原因没有意义,甚至连这样想一想的勇气也没有。

Many people when they fall in love look for a little haven of refuge from the world, where they can be sure of being admired when they are not admirable, and praised when they are not praiseworthy.
很多人陷入爱情是为了寻找一个遁世的避难所。在这个避难所里,当他们不值得爱慕的时候,依然有人爱慕他们,当他们不值得赞扬的时候,依然有人赞扬他们。

Many people would sooner die than think; in fact, they do so.
有很多人,让他们思考一下还不如让他们去死。事实上,很多人还没思考过就已经死了。

Men are born ignorant, not stupid. They are made stupid by education.
人生而无知,但还不愚蠢。教育才把他们变蠢。

Conventional people are roused to fury by departure from convention, largely because they regard such departure as a criticism of themselves.
传统的人看到背离传统的行为就大发雷霆,主要是因为他们把这种背离当作对他们的批评。

A hallucination is a fact, not an error; what is erroneous is a judgment based upon it.
幻觉不是你的错,在幻觉中做决定,这就是你的不对了。

A life without adventure is likely to be unsatisfying, but a life in which adventure is allowed to take whatever form it will is sure to be short.
生活中完全没有冒险,这可能是没什么意思的。但是生活中如果不管什么种类的探险都有,那肯定是短暂的。

Against my will, in the course of my travels, the belief that everything worth knowing was known at Cambridge gradually wore off. In this respect my travels were very useful to me.
我曾相信,所有值得知道之事,我在剑桥都知道了。在我旅行的过程之中,这一想法逐渐消失了。这与我本意相反,但是却对我非常有益。

Aristotle maintained that women have fewer teeth than men; although he was twice married, it never occurred to him to verify this statement by examining his wives’ mouths.
亚里士多德说女人比男人的牙齿要少。尽管他结了两次婚,但是他都没想过要检查一下他老婆的牙。

Contempt for happiness is usually contempt for other people’s happiness, and is an elegant disguise for hatred of the human race.
对幸福的轻蔑通常是对其他人幸福的轻蔑,在精巧的伪装之下是对人类的仇恨。

For most people, the real life is long, is the ideal and may compromise between continuous compromise.
对绝大多数人来说,真正的生活是长期的将就,是理想与可能两者之间不断的妥协。

00001041

1·一部分儿童具有思考的习惯,而教育的目的在于铲除他们的这种习惯。出处:《我的信仰》,1925

2·科学使我们为善或为恶的力量都有所提升。(11月20日名言)   出处;《我的信仰》,1925

3·广义地说,最渴望权力之人就是最可能获得权力之人。   出处:《权力论》,1938

4·中国是一切规则的例外。出处:《怀疑论》,1928

5·爱因斯坦的‘相对论’使人觉得懂得之事变少了。   出处:《现代科学及其将来》

6·乞丐并不会妒忌百万富翁,但是他肯定会妒忌收入更高的乞丐   出处:《幸福之路》,1930

7·青年时期是豁达的时期,应该利用这个时期养成自己豁达的性格。(11月6日名言)

8·许多人宁愿死,也不愿思考,事实上他们也确实至死都没有思考。

9·我的人生正是:使事业成为喜悦,使喜悦成为事业。

10·从每天上学的时间看,中国儿童最有思想。

11·即使真相并不令人愉快,也一定要做到诚实,因为掩盖真相往往要费更大力气。

12·不要为自己持独特看法而感到害怕,因为我们现在所接受的常识都曾是独特看法。

13·不用盲目地崇拜任何权威,因为你总能找到相反的权威。

14·凡事不要抱绝对肯定的态度。

15·这个世界最大的麻烦,就在傻瓜与狂热分子对自我总是如此确定,而智者的内心却总充满疑惑。

16·科学是那些我们已经知道的东西,哲学是那些我们还不知道的东西。哲学是我们可以胡说八道的一种特殊权力。哲学是有道理的猜想。

17·爱国就是为一些很无聊的理由去杀人或被杀。   出处:1914年,第一次世界大战爆发,罗素积极宣传反战思想,鼓吹“CO”(以良心为由拒绝从军);几次反战演讲时,都遭到英国爱国主义民众暴力攻击。剑桥大学要求罗素缴交罚款110英镑或自愿解聘。罗素选择了解聘,并以这句话讽刺爱国主义。

18·美国的民主,没有生命,也无意义,因为人民无法撤换那些真正统治他们的人。   寓意:讽刺美国真正的统治权是在大老板的大公司里“世袭”着,每一个美国总统都必须为这些呼风唤雨的大公司的利益服务。

19.对爱情的渴望,对真理的追求,对人类苦难不可遏制的同情心,这三种简单而又强烈的感情支配了我的一生。

20.不管你是在研究什么事物、还是在思考任何观点,只问自己,事实是什么,以及这些事实所证实的真理是什么。永远不要让自己被自己所更愿意相信的、或者认为人们相信了,会对社会更加有益的东西所影响。只是单单去审视,什么才是事实。

21.The good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge.(美好的生活是由爱所激励,由知识所引导)

当一个国家强大得不想去侵略别国,那么,这个国家就叫做中国。